Chapter Review Key Terms All in One Co Mputer

Unit of measurement seven. Evolution of computers

Topic A: Computer generations

Basic Terms

– an electronic device that controls the menses of electrons in a vacuum. Information technology used as a switch, amplifier, or brandish screen in many older model radios, televisions, computers, etc.

– an electronic component that tin can exist used as an amplifier or as a switch. It is used to control the flow of electricity in radios, televisions, computers, etc.

– a small electronic circuit printed on a chip (usually fabricated of silicon) that contains many its own circuit elements (due east.chiliad. transistors, diodes, resistors, etc.).

– an electronic component held on an integrated circuit that contains a computer's primal processing unit (CPU) and other associated circuits.

– It is ofttimes referred to equally the encephalon or engine of a estimator where nigh of the processing and operations take place (CPU is part of a microprocessor).

– a cylinder coated with magnetic material, on which data and programs can be stored.

– uses arrays of small rings of magnetized material called cores to shop data.

– a low-level programming linguistic communication comprised of a collection of binary digits (ones and zeros) that the computer can read and understand.

Associates linguistic communication is like the machine language that a figurer can understand, except that assembly language uses abbreviated words (east.g. Add, SUB, DIV…) in identify of numbers (0s and 1s).

– a physical device that is used to store information, information and program in a estimator.

– an area of information science that deals with the simulation and cosmos of intelligent machines or intelligent behave in computers (they think, learn, piece of work, and react like humans).

Get-go Generation of Computers

Nomenclature of generations of computers

The evolution of calculator technology is oft divided into five generations.

Five Generations of Computers
Generations of computers	Generations timeline	Evolving hardware
Outset generation	1940s-1950s	Vacuum tube based
Second generation	1950s-1960s	Transistor based
Third generation	1960s-1970s	Integrated circuit based
Fourth generation	1970s-present	Microprocessor based
Fifth generation	The present and the future	Artificial intelligence based

The main characteristics of first generation of computers (1940s-1950s)

Second Generation of Computers

The main characteristics of 2d generation of computers (1950s-1960s)

Main electronic component – transistor
Memory – magnetic core and magnetic record / disk
Programming language – associates language
Power and size – low power consumption, generated less heat, and smaller in size (in comparing with the first generation computers).
Speed – improvement of speed and reliability (in comparing with the first generation computers).
Input/output devices – punched cards and magnetic tape.
Examples – IBM 1401, IBM 7090 and 7094, UNIVAC 1107, etc.

Third Generation of Computers

The master characteristics of tertiary generation of computers (1960s-1970s)

Chief electronic component – integrated circuits (ICs)
Retentivity – large magnetic cadre, magnetic record / disk
Programming linguistic communication – loftier level language (FORTRAN, Bones, Pascal, COBOL, C, etc.)
Size – smaller, cheaper, and more efficient than second generation computers (they were called minicomputers).
Speed – improvement of speed and reliability (in comparison with the second generation computers).
Input / output devices – magnetic record, keyboard, monitor, printer, etc.
Examples – IBM 360, IBM 370, PDP-11, UNIVAC 1108, etc.

Fourth Generation of Computers

The principal characteristics of 4th generation of computers (1970s-present)

Chief electronic component – very large-scale integration (VLSI) and microprocessor.
VLSI– thousands of transistors on a single microchip.
Memory – semiconductor memory (such as RAM, ROM, etc.)
- RAM (random-access memory) – a blazon of data storage (memory element) used in computers that temporary stores of programs and data (volatile: its contents are lost when the figurer is turned off).
- ROM (read-only memory) – a type of data storage used in computers that permanently stores data and programs (non-volatile: its contents are retained even when the computer is turned off).
Programming linguistic communication – high level language (Python, C#, Java, JavaScript, Rust, Kotlin, etc.).
- A mix of both 3rd- and fourth-generation languages
Size – smaller, cheaper and more efficient than 3rd generation computers.
Speed – improvement of speed, accuracy, and reliability (in comparing with the third generation computers).
Input / output devices – keyboard, pointing devices, optical scanning, monitor, printer, etc.

Network – a grouping of two or more than computer systems linked together.
Examples – IBM PC, STAR 1000, APPLE Ii, Apple tree Macintosh, etc.

5th Generation of Computers

The principal characteristics of fifth generation of computers (the present and the future)

Main electronic component: based on artificial intelligence, uses the Ultra Large-Scale Integration (ULSI) technology and parallel processing method.
- ULSI – millions of transistors on a single microchip
- Parallel processing method – apply two or more microprocessors to run tasks simultaneously.
Linguistic communication – understand natural linguistic communication (human language).
Power – consume less power and generate less rut.
Speed – remarkable improvement of speed, accurateness and reliability (in comparison with the fourth generation computers).
Size – portable and small in size, and have a huge storage chapters.
Input / output device – keyboard, monitor, mouse, trackpad (or touchpad), touchscreen, pen, speech input (recognise vox / oral communication), light scanner, printer, etc.
Example – desktops, laptops, tablets, smartphones, etc.

Three women sitting around a table with laptops.

The figurer – this amazing technology went from a government/business concern-only applied science to being everywhere from people's homes, work places, to people's pockets in less than 100 years.

desrosiersmartyart.blogspot.com

Source: https://opentextbc.ca/computerstudies/chapter/classification-of-generations-of-computers/